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(The following checklist is based on the most common errors beginning students make when shooting a drama production for the first time. Before rolling tape on a drama shoot, check the following six points to make sure youre not making one of these easily avoidable beginners errors which can cost you a lot of extra time and grief in the editing room. Make these checks in addition to the DP Shot Checklist).
180 Rule / 4th Wall - before shooting any part of a particular scene, first establish the 180 line in your mind as the director, and communicate it to the camera operator and the crew. Mark it on the floor even if you have to use gaffers tape or objects....just dont cross the line when shooting the master, OS or CUs! First, establish a theater audience view of the stage or scene. You can place the camera anywhere that there are theater audience seats (proper 180 hemisphere), but dont place the camera anywhere back stage pointing at the audience (the opposite 180 hemisphere) because this will cause the position of each actor to flip or switch to the opposite side of the frame on camera. Always establish nose direction for each actor in the scene and dont let the nose directions switch throughout the scene unless we see the actor physically move to the other side of the scene. Remember that in most TV shows, you never get to see the 4th Wall of the I Love Lucy apartment because the fourth wall does not exist. Thats where the camera crew and audience seats are located, so if you cross the 180 line, you would see the camera and crew.
Required Shots for Each Scene - for each scene, make sure that you get the standard set of shots youll need to effectively edit the scene. This should always include:
Establishing Shot (Master) - widest shot that shows all essential action.
OS - shot of each speaking actors face seen over the shoulder of the other actor (back of head).
CU - tighter shot of each actors face without seeing the back of the head of the other actor.
Cut Away - shot of something else in scene or someone elses reaction to help with continuity.
Of course, you can also include low angle, high angle, pan, truck, dolly, and arc shots, but you should always shoot at least the aforementioned shots so that youll have the fundamental angles and footage for properly editing the scene. When shooting a scene, you have to get ALL of the shots for that scene done in one setup; otherwise, it is too difficult to go back another day and match the lighting, not to mention having to get all the actors and crew together again. This is just not practical and much too expensive when you consider your time, budget, and resources.
Continuity - take digital photos or camcorder footage of the master shot staging of the actors to refer to when setting up the camera and actors for the next shots such as OS and CUs. Make sure that the head position, posture, hair, and clothing match the master shot. Pay special attention to props in the scene that will change such as drinks, cigarettes, and food, etc.
Overlapping Heads on OS Shots - when framing OS shots, do not let the heads of each of the two actors overlap in the center of the shot. Arc the camera away from the 180 line and youll see the two actors start to separate with more space between them, thus getting rid of the overlap of heads in the center of the frame.
Empty Side Space on OS Shot Framing - when framing an OS shot, adjust the frame by putting the edge of each actors body at opposite sides of the frame instead of having one actor at one edge of the frame and the speaking actor smack dab in the center of the frame with a big empty space at the other end of the frame. Pan the camera and zoom in a little to eat up the empty space.
Ear Bisection - when framing a shot with two or more actors (whether it be a master shot, 2-shot, or OS shot) make sure that you zoom out wide enough to avoid having the frame cross through any of the actors ears in the shot. The frame should be wide enough to clear each actors head . You should not cut off any part of the actors heads on the sides of the frame.
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